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　　1. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. (1996. 阅读. 1. Text 2)

　　【译文】冲突的定义是社会实体与另一实体间的对抗，而竞争的定义是不同社会实体间独立争夺供应不足的资源而发生的对抗。这两者的性质是截然不同。

　　【析句】主句是Conflict is distinguished from competition,主语conflict后，defined as oppostion among social entities directed against one another为过去分词作定语，相当于which is defined as...。同样，介词宾语competition后也有相同的结构，使得句子前后对称。而后一句中，social entities后又有striving for some thing现在分词作定语修饰social entities,而something后是which引导的定语从句。

　　2. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is. (1996. 阅读. 1. Text 2)

　　【译文】这种竞争可能真得会导致国家竭力侵占他国以扩大本国领土，冲突随之产生，但是即使国家之间的竞争是不可避免的，也不能说发生类似战争的冲突同样无法避免。

　　【析句】复合句。首先是while作连词引导的与主句含义相反的句子，while it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand...and thus lead to conflict,it is true that从句中，it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that引导的主语从句。主句在句中，同样是it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，而that从句中，主句是war-like conflict is inevitable，后面是although引导的让步状语从句。

　　3. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. (1996. 阅读. 1. Text3)

　　【译文】人脑在生活节奏更慢的过去得到进化，因此人脑内部存在着缺陷，使它不能同时理解多条信息流并迅速采取行动。

　　【析句】复合句。主句是the human brain has an inherent defect,defect后是定语从句that prevents it from absorbing...and acting...。主句前，having evolved...是现在分词作原因状语，同时句子中又包含了时间主语从句when the pace of life was slower表明having evolved的时间。

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