四六级

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　　Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries to trap his opponent's king in a series of moves. In creating a lens a lens designer attempts to “trap” light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to focus on a single point in the image, as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent( 透明的) elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way. The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to bevirtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as inchess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. Although this article will be concerned only with the design of photographic lenses, the same principles apply to all lenses.

　　The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player: the designer is free to call on any available source of help to guide him through the staggering number of possibilities. Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology, information theory,chemistry, industrial engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the lens designer's job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass produced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Today's lenses are better than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past.Moreover, their price may lower, in spite of the fact that 19th century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today's lenses are more complex. The lens designer cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled: it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind.

　　31.Lens design and chess playing are similar in that ____.

　　A) the final goal and the means by which it can be reached are known

　　B) perfect solutions to a problem can be found

　　C) any one decision at any point along the way to the goal can bring numerous possible results

　　D) both A and C

　　32.The final goal of designing a lens is ____.

　　A) to trap the opponent's lenses

　　B) to focus light with lenses

　　C) to hand make lenses at low cost

　　D) to reflect light by means of curved surfaces

　　33.After the passage the author will talk about ____.

　　A) the principles of designing lenses

　　B) techniques of making contact lenses

　　C) the design of photographic lenses

　　D) styles of lenses

　　34.Which of the following words cannot be used to describe today's lenses?

　　A) More delicate. B) Cheaper. C) Numerous. D) Unpopular.

　　35.Lens designers today ____.

　　A) have a large source of help to fall back on B) receive a low salary

　　C) are less respectable than those of the past D) are not decisive in the lens design

　　参考答案：

　　31.答案D。见文章第一段四至六句，相似之处在于最终目标以及达到目标的手段都是 明确的，只是在任一环节上所作的任何一项决定都可能导致无数个结果。

　　32.答案B。见文章第三句“创造镜片时，设计者试图‘捕捉'光线，他们迫使源自物 体某个点的所有光线穿过一组曲度准确的透镜，结果光线集中在影像的一个点上。”

　　33.答案C。第一段的最后一句说“ this article will be concerned only with the design of photographic lenses”，故C正确。contact lenses隐形眼镜。

　　34.答案D。第二段第四句说“另外一些其设计有百年之老的镜片现在可以大批量生产 且造价低廉。”根据此句可推出现在的镜片还保持着传统，但并不能推出它们是“不受欢迎 的”。故答案是 D。

　　35.答案A。依据是第二段的第一句话。 B，C和D文章没谈到。decisive果断的。