Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming andScanning) (15 minutes)

　　Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answerthe questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with theinformation given in the passage.

　　Norman Borlaug: 'Father of the Green Revolution'

　　Few people have quietly changed the world for the better more than this rural lad from themidwestern state of Iowa in the United States. The man in focus is Norman Borlaug, the Fatherof the 'Green Revolution', who died on September 12, 2009 at age 95. Norman Borlaug spentmost of his 60 working years in the farmlands of Mexico, South Asia and later in Africa, fightingworld hunger, and saving by some estimates up to a billion lives in the process. Anachievement, fit for a Nobel Peace Prize.

　　Early Years

　　"I'm a product of the great depression" is how Borlaug described himself. A great-grandson ofNorwegian immigrants to the United States, Borlaug was born in 1914 and grew up on a smallfarm in the northeastern corner of Iowa in a town called Cresco. His family had a 40-hectare (公顷) farm on which they grew wheat, maize (玉米) and hay and raised pigs and cattle. Normanspent most of his time from age 7-17 on the farm, even as he attended a one-room, one-teacher school at New Oregon in Howard County.

　　Borlaug didn't have money to go to college. But through a Great Depression era programme,known as the National Youth Administration, Borlaug was able to enroll in the University ofMinnesota at Minneapolis to study forestry. He excelled in studies and received his Ph.D. in plantpathology (病理学) and genetics in 1942. From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as amicrobiologist at DuPont in Wilmington. However, following the December 7, 1941 attack onPearl Harbor, Borlaug tried to join the military, but was rejected under wartime

　　In Mexico

　　In 1944, many experts warned of mass starvation in developing nations where populationswere expanding faster than crop production. Borlaug began work at a Rockefeller Foundation-funded project in Mexico to increase wheat production by developing higher-yielding varietiesof the crop. It involved research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology (昆虫学) , agronomy (农艺学) , soil science, and cereal technology. The goal of the project was toboost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of itsgrain.

　　Borlaug said that his first couple of years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientistsand equipment. Native farmers were hostile towards the wheat programme because of seriouscrop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust.

　　Wheat varieties that Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. While taller wheat competedbetter for sunlight, they had a tendency to collapse under the weight of extra grain - a traitcalled lodging. To overcome this, Borlaug worked on breeding wheat with shorter andstronger stalks, which could hold on larger seed heads. Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed the potential yield of Mexicanwheat dramatically. By 1963 wheat production in Mexico stood six times more than that of1944.

　　Green Revolution in India

　　During the 1960s, South Asia experienced severe drought condition and India had beenimporting wheat on a large scale from the United States. Borlaug came to India in 1963 alongwith Dr. Robert Anderson to duplicate his Mexican success in the sub-continent. Theexperiments began with planting a few of the high-yielding variety strains in the fields of theIndian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in New Delhi, under the supervision of Dr. M. S.Swaminathan. These strains were subsequently planted in test plots at Ludhiana, Pantnagar,Kanpur, Pune and Indore. The results were promising, but large-scale success, however, wasnot instant. Cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug fromgoing ahead with planting of new wheat strains in India. By 1965, when the drought situationturned alarming, the Government took the lead and allowed wheat revolution to moveforward. By employing agricultural techniques he developed in Mexico, Borlaug was able tonearly double South Asian wheat harvests between 1965 and 1970.

　　India subsequently made a huge commitment to Mexican wheat, importing some 18000tonnes of seed. By 1968, it was clear that the Indian wheat harvest was nothing short ofrevolutionary. It was so productive that there was a shortage of labour to harvest it, of bullcarts to haul it to the threshing floor (打谷场) , of jute (麻黄) bags to store it. Localgovernments in some areas were forced to shut down schools temporarily to use them asstore houses.

　　United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) observed that in 40 years between1961 and 2001, "India more than doubled its population, from 452 million to more than 1billion. At the same time, it nearly tripled its grain production from 87 million tonnes to 231million tonnes. It accomplished this feat while increasing cultivated grain acreage (土地面积) amere 8 percent."

　　It was in India that Norman Borlaug's work was described as the 'Green Revolution.'

　　In Africa

　　Africa suffered widespread hunger and starvation through the 70s and 80s. Food and aidpoured in from most developed countries into the continent, but thanks to the absence ofefficient distribution system, the hungry remained empty-stomach. The then Chairman of theNippon Foundation, Ryoichi Sasakawa wondered why the methods used in Mexico and Indiawere not extended to Africa. He called up Norman Borlaug. now leading a semi-retired life, forhelp. He managed to convince Borlaug to help with his new effort and subsequently foundedthe Sasakawa Africa Association. Borlaug later recalled, "but after I saw the terriblecircumstances there, I said, 'Let's just start growing'".

　　The success in Africa was not as spectacular as it was in India or Mexico. Those elements thatallowed Borlaug's projects to succeed, such as well-organized economies and transportationand irrigation systems, were severely lacking throughout Africa. Because of this, Borlaug'sinitial projects were restricted to developed regions of the continent. Nevertheless, yields ofmaize, sorghum (高粱) and wheat doubled between 1983 and 1985.

　　Nobel Prize

　　For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a. m., but Borlaug had alreadyleft for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 65 km west of Mexico City. A chauffeur (司机)took her to the fields to inform her husband. In his acceptance speech, Borlaug said, "thefirst essential component of social justice is adequate food for all mankind. Food is the moralright of all who are born into this world. Yet, 50 percent of the world population goes hungry."

　　Green Revolution vs Environmentalists

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

　　1. Norman Borlaug won a Nobel Prize for _______.

　　A) his remarkable achievements in plant genetics

　　B) his spectacular contribution to safeguarding world peace

　　C) his great success in raising Africa's food production

　　D) his enduring efforts in combating world hunger

　　2. How did Borlaug's wheat programme go during his first couple of years in Mexico?

　　A) It met with resistance.

　　B) It was well received.

　　C) It achieved unexpected progress.

　　D) It succeeded though with difficulty.

　　3. What characterised Borlaug's Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62?

　　A) Superior ability to breed new high-yielding varieties.

　　B) Short and strong stems and resistance to diseases.

　　C) Tall and thin stems and extremely large seed heads.

　　D) Tendency to collapse under the; weight of extra grain.

　　4. What initially prevented Borlaug from achieving large-scale success in India?

　　A) Farmers' rejection of his planting techniques.

　　B) The persistent drought throughout the country.

　　C) Difficulty in importing high-yielding wheat seeds.

　　D) The local government's slowness in taking action.

　　5. According to United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, in 40 years between 1961and 2001 India's grain production ________.

　　A) almost doubled

　　B) went up by 8 percent

　　C) increased nearly three times

　　D) rose from 452 million to 1 billion tonnes

　　6. Borlaug's success in Africa was not as spectacular as in India or Mexico because ________.

　　A) the local farmers were uneducated and conservative

　　B) Africa's climate conditions were very different

　　C) his project in Africa was not properly managed

　　D) Africa lackcd the necessary supporting facilities

　　7. What did Borlaug emphasise in his Nobel Prize acceptance spccch?

　　A) Abundance of food supply will contribute to world peace and stability.

　　B) The Green Revolution will provide adequate food for all mankind.

　　C) Adequate food for all mankind is essential in ensuring social justice.

　　D) Without the Green Revolution half of the world population would starve.

　　8. In recent years Borlaug's Green Revolution has __________.

　　9. In both developed and developing countries there are concerns whether in the long runBorlaug's farming practices will be ________.

　　10. In India, critics attribute the destruction of Indian crop diversity to _______.

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