Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading inDepth) (25 minutes)

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incompletestatements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete statements inthe fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.

　　Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

　　Some performance evaluations require supervisors to take action. Employees who receive avery favorable evaluation may deserve some type of recognition or even a promotion. Ifsupervisors do not acknowledge such outstanding performance, employees may either losetheir (36)______ and reduce their effort or search for a new job at a firm that will (37)______them for high performance. Supervisors should acknowledge high performance so that theemployee will continue to perform well in the future.

　　Employees who receive unfavorable evaluations must also be given attention. Supervisors must(38)______ the reasons for poor performance. Some reasons, such as a family illness, mayhave a temporary adverse (39)______ on performance and can be corrected. Otherreasons, such as a bad attitude, may not be temporary. When supervisors give employees anunfavorable evaluation, they must decide whether to take any (40)______ actions. If theemployees were unaware of their own deficiencies, the unfavorable evaluation can pinpoint(指出) the deficiencies that employees must correct. In this case, the supervisor may simply needto monitor the employees (41)______ and ensure that the deficiencies are corrected.

　　If the employees were already aware of their deficiencies before the evaluation period, however,they may be unable or unwilling to correct them. This situation is more serious, and thesupervisor may need to take action. The action should be (42)______ with the firm's guidelinesand may include reassigning the employees to new jobs, (43)______ them temporarily, orfiring them. A supervisor's action toward a poorly performing worker can (44)______ theattitudes of other employees. If no (45)______ is imposed on an employee for poorperformance, other employees may react by reducing their cet6w.com well.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　Section B

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices maked A),B),C) and D). Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

　　The College Essay: Why Those 500 Words Drive Us Crazy

　　A) Meg is a lawyer-mom in suburban Washington, D. C., where lawyer-moms are thick on theground. Her son Doug is one of several hundred thousand high-school seniors who had apainful fall. The deadline for applying to his favorite college was Nov. 1, and by early October hehad yet to fill out the application. More to the point, he had yet to settle on a subject for thepersonal essay accompanying the application. According to college folklore, a well-turned essayhas the power to seduce(诱惑) an admissions committee. "He wanted to do one thing at a time,"Meg says, explaining her son's delay. "But really, my son is a huge procrastinator(拖延者). Theessay is the hardest thing to do, so he's put it off the longest." Friends and other veterans ofthe process have warned Meg that the back and forth between editing parent and writingstudent can be traumatic(痛苦的).

　　B) Back in the good old days-say, two years ago. when the last of my children suffered theordeal(折磨)--a high-school student applying to college could procrastinate all the way to NewYear's Day of their senior year, assuming they could withstand the parental pestering(烦扰).But things change fast in the nail-biting world of college admissions. The recent trend towardearly decision and early action among selective colleges and universities has pushed thetraditional deadline of January up to Nov. 1 or early December for many students.

　　C) If the time for heel-dragging has been shortened, the true source of the anxiety and panicremains what it has always been. And it's not the application itself. A college application is arelatively straightforward questionnaire asking for the basics: name, address, family history,employment history. It would all be innocent enough-20 minutes of busy work-except itcomes attached to a personal essay.

　　D) "There are good reasons it causes such anxiety," says Lisa Sohmer, director of collegecounseling at the Garden School in Jackson Heights. N. Y. "It's not just the actual writing. Bynow everything else is already set. Your course load is set, your grades are set, your testscores are set. But the essay is something you can still control, and it's open-ended. So thetemptation is to write and rewrite and rewrite." Or stall and stall and stall.

　　E) The application essay, along with its mythical importance, is a recent invention. In the1930s, when only one in 10 Americans had a degree from a four-year college, an admissionscommittee was content to ask for a sample of applicants' school papers to assess their writingability. By the 1950s, most schools required a brief personal statement of why the student hadchosen to apply to one school over another.

　　F) Today nearly 70 percent of graduating seniors go off to college, including two-year and four-year institutions. Even apart from the increased competition, the kids enter a process that hasbeen utterly transformed from the one baby boomers knew. Nearly all application materialsare submitted online, and the Common Application provides a one-size-fits form accepted bymore than 400 schools, including the nation's most selective.

　　G) Those schools usually require essays of their own, but the longest essay, 500 wordsmaximum, is generally attached to the Common Application. Students choose one of sixquestions. Applicants are asked to describe an ethical dilemma they've faced and its impacton them, or discuss a public issue of special concern to them, or tell of a fictional character orcreative work that has profoundly influenced them. Another question invites them to writeabout the importance (to them, again) of diversity-a word that has assumed magic power inAmerican higher education. The most popular option: write on a topic of your choice.

　　H) "Boys in particular look at the other questions and say. 'Oh, that's too much work,'" saysJohn Boshoven, a counselor in the Ann Arbor, Mich., public schools. "They think if they do atopic of their choice, 'I'll just go get that history paper I did last year on the Roman Empire andturn it into a first-person application essay!' And they end up producing something utterlyridiculous."

　　I) Talking to admissions professionals like Boshoven, you realize that the list of "don'ts" inessay writing is much longer than the "dos." "No book reports, no history papers, no characterstudies." says Sohmer.

　　J) "It drives you crazy, how easily kids slip into clichés(老生常谈)," says Boshoven. "They don'trealize how typical their experiences are. 'I scored the winning goal in soccer against our arch-rival.' 'My grandfather served in World War II, and I hope to be just like him someday.' Thatmay mean a lot to that particular kid. But in the world of the application essay, it's nothing.You'll lose the reader in the first paragraph."

　　K) "The greatest strength you bring to this essay." says the College Board's how-to book, "is17 years or so of familiarity with the topic: YOU. The form and style are very familiar, and bestof all, you are the world-class expert on the subject of YOU ... It has been the subject of yourclose scrutiny every morning since you were tall enough to see into the bathroom mirror." Thekey word in the Common Application prompts is "you."

　　L) The college admission essay contains the grandest American themes-status anxiety,parental piety(孝顺) intellectual standards-and so it is only a matter of time before it becomesinfected by the country's culture of excessive concern with self-esteem. Even if the question isostensibly(表面上) about something outside the self (describe a fictional character or solve aproblem of geopolitics), the essay invariably returns to the favorite topie: what is its impacton YOU?

　　M) "For all the anxiety the essay causes," says Bill MeClintick of Mercersburg Academy inPennsylvania, "it's a very small piece of the puzzle. I was in college admissions for 10 years. Isaw kids and parents beat themselves up over this. And at the vast majority of places, it issimply not a big variable in the college's decision-making process."

　　N) Many admissions officers say they spend less than a couple of minutes on each application,including the essay. According to a recent survey of admissions officers, only one in fourprivate colleges say the essay is of "considerable importance" in judging an application.Among public colleges and universities, the number drops to roughly one in 10. By contrast, 86 percent place "considerable importance" on an applicant's grades, 70 percent on "strengthof curriculum."

　　O) Still, at the most selective schools, where thousands of candidates may submit identicallyhigh grades and test scores, a marginal item like the essay may serve as a tie-breaker betweentwo equally qualified candidates. The thought is certainly enough to keep the pot boiling underparents like Meg, the lawyer-mom, as she tries to help her son choose an essay topic. For amoment the other day, she thought she might have hit on a good one. "His father's fromFrance," she says. "I said maybe you could write about that, as something that makes youdifferent. You know: half French, half American. I said, 'You could write about your identityissues. ' He said, ' I don't have any identity issues!' And he's right. He's a well-adjusted,normal kid. But that doesn't make for a good essay, does it?"

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　46. Today many universities require their applicants to write an essay of up to five hundredwords.

　　47. One recent change in college admissions is that selective colleges and universities havemoved the traditional deadline to earlier dates.

　　48. Applicants and their parents are said to believe that the personal essay can sway theadmissions committee.

　　49. Applicants are usually better off if they can write an essay that distinguishes them from therest.

　　50. Not only is the competition getting more intense, the application process today is alsototally different from what baby boomers knew.

　　51. In writing about their own experiences many applicants slip into clichés, thus failing toengage the reader.

　　52. According to a recent survey, most public colleges and universities consider an applicant'sgrades highly important.

　　53. Although the application essay causes lots of anxiety, it does not play so important a rolein the college's decision-making process.

　　54. The question you are supposed to write about may seem outside the self, but the theme ofthe essay should center around its impact on you.

　　55. In the old days, applicants only had to submit a sample of their school papers to showtheir writing ability.

　　Section C

　　Passage One

　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

　　Among the government's most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend ontheir children. Not surprisingly, the costs arc steep. For a middle-class, husband-and-wife family(average pretax income in 2009: $76250), spending per child is about $12000 a year. Withinflation the family's spending on a child will total $286050 by age 17.

　　The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just acatalog of programs and taxes. It reflects a society's priorities and values. Our society doesnot-despite rhetoric (说辞) to the contrary-put much value on raising children. Presentbudget policies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for childrenare modest. If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans may choose not tohave children or to have fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.

　　Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. Theyhave stagnant(萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations,they resist change. To stabilize its population-discounting immigration-women must have anaverage of two children. That's a fertility rate of 2.0. Many countries with struggling economiesare cet6w.com.

　　Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, it's shaped by culture, religion, economics,and government policy. "No one has a good answer" as to why fertility varies among countries,says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief inEurope may partly explain lowered birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling againsttheir mothers' isolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count.Hopefulness fueled America's baby boom. After the Soviet Union's collapse, says Cherlin, "anxiety for the future" depressed birthrates in Russia and Eastern Europe.

　　In poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasing thenumber of family workers and providing support for parents in their old age. In wealthysocieties, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing theneed for children. By some studies, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by0.5 children in the United States and almost 1.0 in Western Europe, reports economist RobertStein in the journal National Affairs. Similarly, some couples don't have children because theydon't want to sacrifice their own lifestyles to the time and expense of a family.

　　Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill(注入) confidence abouthaving children. Piling on higher taxes won't help, "If higher taxes make it more expensive toraise children," says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, "people will thinktwice about having another child." That seems like common sense, despite the multipleinfluences on becoming parents.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　56. What do we learn from the government report?

　　A) Inflation increases families' expenses.

　　B) Raising children is getting expensive.

　　C) Budget reduction is around the corner.

　　D) Average family expenditure is increasing.

　　57. What is said to be the consequence of a shrinking population?

　　A) Weakened national strength.

　　B) Increased immigration.

　　C) Economic downturn.

　　D) Social instability.

　　58. What accounted for America's baby boom?

　　A) Optimism for the future.

　　B) Improved living conditions.

　　C) Religious beliefs.

　　D) Economic prosperity.

　　59. Why do people in wealthy countries prefer to have fewer children?

　　A) They want to further improve their economic well-being.

　　B) They cannot afford the time and expenses of rearing children.

　　C) They are concerned about the future of the coming generation.

　　D) They don't rely on their children to support them in old age.

　　60. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?

　　A) To instill confidence in the young about raising children.

　　B) To advise couples to think twice before having children.

　　C) To encourage the young to take care of the elderly.

　　D) To appeal for tax reduction for raising children.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

　　Space exploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readilysoars where human ingenuity(创造力) struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited asthe first science fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was deadand buried for a good three centuries before the first manned rockets started to fly.

　　In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by thedecade's end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated(共鸣) with optimismand ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of all, delivered byMartin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yieldedconcrete results and transformed American society. And yet in many ways the two dreamsended up at odds with each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intenselypragmatic(讲求实用的) and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just theopposite. It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims.

　　When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to theApollo missions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program has just come to anend, with no successor. The perpetual argument is that funds are tight, that we have morepressing problems here on Earth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit,reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxury-as if saving one-thousandth of a singleyear's budget would solve our problems.

　　But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will getthe most bang from a buck. They will serve as modern Magellans, mapping out the solarsystem for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies likeVirgin Galactic are plotting a bottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality tothe public. Private spaceflight could lie within reach of rich civilians in a few years. Anotherdecade or two and it could go mainstream.

　　The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us-not just because of the way they expandhuman knowledge, or because of the spin-off technologies they produce, but because the twotypes of dreams feed off each other. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed tothe idea that humans can transcend what were once considered inherent limitations. Today weface seeming challenges in energy, the environment, health care. Tomorrow we will transcendthese as well, and the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit. The more evidence we collectthat our species is capable of greatness, the more we will actually achieve it.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　61. The author mentions Cyrano de Bergerac in order to show that ____.

　　A) imagination is the mother of invention

　　B) ingenuity is essential for science fiction writers

　　C) it takes patience for humans to realize their dreams

　　D) dreamers have always been interested in science fiction

　　62. How did the general public view Kennedy's space exploration plan?

　　A) It symbolized the American spirit.

　　B) It was as urgent as racial equality.

　　C) It sounded very much like a dream.

　　D) It made an ancient dream come true.

　　63. What does the author say about America's aim to explore space?

　　A) It may not bring about immediate economic gains.

　　B) It cannot be realized without technological innovation.

　　C) It will not help the realization of racial and economic equality.

　　D) It cannot be achieved without a good knowledge of the other worlds.

　　64. What is the author's attitude toward space programs?

　　A) Critical.

　　B) Reserved.

　　C) Unbiased.

　　D) Supportive.

　　65. What does the author think of the problems facing human beings?

　　A) They pose a serious challenge to future human existence.

　　B) They can be solved sooner or later with human ingenuity.

　　C) Their solutions need joint efforts of the public and private sectors.

　　D) They can only be solved by people with optimism and ambition.

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