Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading inDepth) (25 minutes)

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incompletestatements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete statements inthe fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.

　　Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

　　Quite often, educators tell families of children who are learning English as a second language tospeak only English, and not their native language, at home. Although these educators may havegood (36)______ their advice to families is misguided, and it (37)______ frommisunderstandings about the process of language acquisition. Educators may fear thatchildren hearing two languages will become (38)______ confused and thus their languagedevelopment will be (39)______; this concern is not documented in the literature. Children arecapable of learning more than one language, whether (40)______ or sequentially(依次的). Infact, most children outside of the United States are expected to become bilingual or even, inmany cases, multilingual. Globally, knowing more than one language is viewed as an (41)______and even a necessity in many areas.

　　It is also of concern that the misguided advice that students should speak only English is givenprimarily to poor families with limited educational opportunities, not to wealthier families whohave many educational advantages. Since children from poor families often are (42)______ asat-risk for academic failure, teachers believe that advising families to speak English only isappropriate. Teachers consider learning two languages to be too (43)______ for children frompoor families, believing that the children are already burdened by their home situations.

　　If families do not know English or have limited English skills themselves, how can theycommunicate in English? Advising non-English-speaking families to speak only English is(44)______ to telling them not to communicate with or interact with their children. Moreover,the (45)______ message is that the family's native cet6w.com important or valued.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　Section B

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices maked A),B),C) and D). Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle line through the centre.

　　The Uses of Difficulty

　　The brain likes a challenge-and putting a few obstacles in its way may well boost its creativity.

　　A) Jack White, the former frontman of the White Stripes and an influential figure among fellowmusicians, likes to make things difficult for himself. He uses cheap guitars that won't stay inshape or in tune. When performing, he positions his instruments in a way that is deliberatelyinconvenient, so that switching from guitar to organ mid-song involves a mad dash acrossthe stage. Why? Because he's on the run from what he describes as a disease that preys onevery artist: "ease of use". When making music gets too easy, says White, it becomes harderto make it sing.

　　B) It's an odd thought. Why would anyone make their work more difficult than it already is? Yetwe know that difficulty can pay unexpected dividends. In 1966, soon after the Beatles hadfinished work on "Rubber Soul", Paul McCartney looked into the possibility of going to Americato record their next album. The equipment in American studios was more advanced thananything in Britain, which had led the Beatles' great rivals, the Rolling Stones, to make theirlatest album, "Aftermath", in Los Angeles. McCartney found that EMI's(百代唱片) contractualclauses made it prohibitively expensive to follow suit, and the Beatles had to make do with theprimitive technology of Abbey Road.

　　C) Lucky for us. Over the next two years they made their most groundbreaking work, turningthe recording studio into a magical instrument of its own. Precisely because they wereworking with old-fashioned machines, George Martin and his team of engineers were forced toapply every ounce of their creativity to solve the problems posed to them by Lennon andMcCartney. Songs like "Tomorrow Never Knows", "Strawberry Fields Forever", and "A Day in theLife" featured revolutionary sound effects that dazzled and mystified Martin's Americancounterparts.

　　D) Sometimes it's only when a difficulty is removed that we realise what it was doing for us. Formore than two decades, starting in the 1960s, the poet Ted Hughes sat on the judging panel ofan annual poetry competition for British schoolchildren. During the 1980s he noticed anincreasing number of long poems among the submissions, with some running to 70 or 80pages. These poems were verbally inventive and fluent, but also "strangely boring". Aftermaking inquiries Hughes discovered that they were being composed on computers, then justfinding their way into British homes.

　　E) You might have thought any tool which enables a writer to get words on to the page wouldbe an advantage. But there may be a cost to such facility. In an interview with the ParisReview Hughes speculated that when a person puts pen to paper, "you meet the terribleresistance of what happened your first year at it, when you couldn't write at all". As the brainattempts to force the unsteady hand to do its bidding, the tension between the two results ina more compressed, psychologically denser expression. Remove that resistance and you aremore likely to produce a 70-page ramble (不着边际的长篇大论).

　　F) Our brains respond better to difficulty than we imagine. In schools, teachers and pupils alikeoften assume that if a concept has been easy to learn, then the lesson has been successful.But numerous studies have now found that when classroom material is made harder toabsorb, pupils retain more of it over the long term, and understand it on a deeper level.

　　G) As a poet, Ted Hughes had an acute sensitivity to the way in which constraints on self-expression, like the disciplines of metre and rhyme(韵律), spur creative thought. What appliesto poets and musicians also applies to our daily lives. We tend to equate(等同) happiness withfreedom, but, as the psychotherapist and writer Adam Phillips has observed, without obstaclesto our desires it's harder to know what we want, or where we're heading. He tells the story ofa patient, a first-time mother who complained that her young son was always clinging to her,wrapping himself around her legs wherever she went. She never had a moment to herself, shesaid, because her son was "always in the way". When Phillips asked her where she would go ifhe wasn't in the way, she replied cheerfully, "Oh, I wouldn't know where I was!"

　　H) Take another common obstacle: lack of money. People often assume that more money willmake them happier. But economists who study the relationship between money and happinesshave consistently found that, above a certain income, the two do not reliably correlate.Despite the ease with which the rich can acquire almost anything they desire, they are just aslikely to be unhappy as the middle classes. In this regard at least, F. Scott Fitzgerald waswrong.

　　I) Indeed, ease of acquisition is the problem. The novelist Edward St Aubyn has a narratorremark of the very rich that, "not having to consider affordability, their desires rambled on likeunstoppable bores, relentless(持续不断的) and whimsical(反复无常的) at the same time." WhenBoston College, a private research university, wanted a better feel for its potential donors, itasked the psychologist Robert Kenny to investigate the mindset of the super-rich. Hesurveyed 165 households, most of which had a net worth of $ 25m or more. He found thatmany of his subjects were confused by the infinite options their money presented them with.They found it hard to know what to want, creating a kind of existential bafflement. One ofthem put it like this: "You know, Bob, you can just buy so much stuff, and when you get to thepoint where you can just buy so much stuff, now what are you going to do?"

　　J) The internet makes information billionaires out of all of us, and the architects of our onlineexperiences are catching on to the need to make things creatively difficult. Twitter's hugesuccess is rooted in the simple but profound insight that in a medium with infinite space forself-expression, the most interesting thing we can do is restrict ourselves to 140 characters.The music service This Is My Jam helps people navigate the tens of millions of tracks nowavailable instantly via Spotify and iTunes. Users pick their favourite song of the week to sharewith others. They only get to choose one. The service was only launched this year, but by theend of September 650 000 jams had been chosen. Its co-founder Matt Ogle explains its raisond'être(存在的理由) like this: "In an age of endless choice, we were missing a way to say, 'This.This is the one you should listen to'."

　　K) Today's world offers more opportunity than ever to follow the advice of the WalkerBrothers and make it easy on ourselves. Compared with a hundred years ago, our lives are lesstightly bound by social norms and physical constraints. Technology has cut out much of life'sdonkeywork, and we have more freedoms than ever: we can wear what we like andcommunicate with hundreds of friends at once at the click of a mouse. Obstacles areeverywhere disappearing. Few of us wish to turn the clock back, but perhaps we need to remindourselves how useful the right obstacles can be. Sometimes, the best route to fulfilment is thepath of more resistance.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　46. The rigorous requirements placed on the writing of poetry stimulate the poet's creativity.

　　47. With creativity, even old-fashioned instruments may produce spectacular sound effects.

　　48. More money does not necessarily bring greater happiness.

　　49. It is a false assumption that lessons should be made easier to learn.

　　50. Obstacles deliberately placed in the creation of music contribute to its success.

　　51. Those who enjoy total freedom may not find themselves happy.

　　52. Ted Hughes discovered many long poems submitted for poetry competition werecomposed on computers.

　　53. Maybe we need to bear in bear in mind that the right obstacles help lead us to greaterachievements.

　　54. An investigation found that many of the super-rich were baffled by the infinite choices theirmoney made available.

　　55. One free social networking website turned out to successful because it limited eachposting to one hundred and forty characters.

　　Section C

　　Passage One

　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

　　There was a time not long ago when new science Ph. D.s in the United States were expected topursue a career path in academia(学术界). But today, most graduates end up working outsideacademia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, andpatent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there's also arising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists haven't trained for directly-but forwhich they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, there's a huge disconnectbetween the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunitiesavailable for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs tohelp close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph. D.students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).

　　In 2002, the US Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended thatevery postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then,several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocs. And in June, the USNational Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommendedthat the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32 000 postdoctoral researchers theysupport. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction.

　　IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specificgoals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have anexplicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine careerpossibilities, and set (usually short-term) goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D.scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.

　　A free Web application for this purpose, called myIDP, has become available this week. It'sdesigned to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process ofintrospection(内省) to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from apanel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee's self-assessment is used to rank a setof career trajectories(轨迹). After the user has identified a long-term career goal, myIDP walksher or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating newskills and experiences important for that career choice.

　　Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additionalresources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP willbe most effective When it's embedded in larger career-development efforts.' For example,universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan,prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　56. What do we learn about new science Ph.D.s in the United States today?

　　A) They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs.

　　B) They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs.

　　C) They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle.

　　D) They are regarded as the nation's driving force of change.

　　57. What does the author say about America's Ph.D. training?

　　A) It should be improved to better suit the job market.

　　B) It is closely linked to future career requirements.

　　C) It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia.

　　D) It includes a great variety of practical courses.

　　58. What was recommended for Ph.D.s and postdoctoral researchers?

　　A) They meet the urgent needs of the corporate world.

　　B) A long-term career goal be set as early as possible.

　　C) An IDP be made in consultation with an adviser.

　　D) They acquire an explicit tool to help obtain jobs.

　　59. Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to_.

　　A) bring into full play the skills and expertise of their postdoctoral researchers

　　B) help employees make the best use of their abilities to achieve their career goals

　　C) place employees in the most appropriate positions

　　D) hire the most suitable candidates to work for them

　　60. What do we know about myIDP?

　　A) It is an effective tool of self-assessment and introspection for better career plans.

　　B) It enables people to look into various possibilities and choose the career they love.

　　C) It promises a long-term career path.

　　D) It is part of the graduate curricula.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

　　Just over a decade into the 21st century, women's progress can be celebrated across arange of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica toAustralia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won theNobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley,pioneering justices in Ghana-in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.

　　But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren't allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1000women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in payand cet6w.com The poverty rate among women in the US rose to 14.5% last year.

　　To measure the state of women's progress. Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at fiveareas that affect women's lives: treatment under the law, workforce participation, politicalpower, and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations andthe World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, wemeasured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.

　　Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where genderdiscrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined(神圣化). Butthere were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores forpolitical representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries suchas Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation's top office translates tobetter lives for women in general? Not exactly. "Trying to quantify or measure the impact ofwomen in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women inpolitics to make a difference," says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for UNWomen.

　　Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better thananother in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes andgeneralities. Some things simply can't be measured. And cross-cultural comparisons can'taccount for differences of opinion.

　　Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple butprofound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperationsummit. "When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economicperformance of communities, nations, and the world," she said. "There's a stimulative effectthat kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries:Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity forchildren. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for allpeople."

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

　　61. What does the author think about women's progress so far?

　　A) It still leaves much to be desired.

　　B) It is too remarkable to be measured.

　　C) It has greatly changed women's fate.

　　D) It is achieved through hard struggle.

　　62. In what countries have women made the greatest progress?

　　A) Where women hold key posts in government.

　　B) Where women's rights are protected by law.

　　C) Where women's participation in management is high.

　　D) Where women enjoy better education and health care.

　　63. What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?

　　A) They care little about political participation.

　　B) They are generally treated as equals by men.

　　C) They have a surprisingly low social status.

　　D) They are underrepresented in politics.

　　64. What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation's top office?

　　A) It does not necessarily raise women's political awareness.

　　B) It does not guarantee a better life for the nation's women.

　　C) It enhances women's status.

　　D) It boosts women's confidence.

　　65. What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?

　　A) Give women more cet6w.com

　　B) Stimulate women's creativity.

　　C) Allow women access to education.

　　D) Tap women's economic potential.

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