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　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

　　Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

　　Innovation, the elixir (灵丹妙药 ) of progress, has always cost people their jobs. In the Industrial Revolution hand weavers were(36) aside by the mechanical loom. Over the past 30 years the digital

　　revolution has(37)many of the mid-skill jobs that supported 20th-century middle-class life. Typists,ticket agents, bank tellers and many production-line jobs have been dispensed with, just as the weavers were.

　　For those who believe that technological progress has made the world a better place, such disruption is a natural part of rising 38. Although innovation kills some jobs, it creates new and better ones, as a more (39 )society becomes richer and its wealthier inhabitants demand more goods and services. A hundred years ago one in three American workers was(40)on a farm. Today less than 2% of them produce far more food. The millions freed from the land were not rendered(41), but found better- paid work as the economy grew more sophisticated. Today the pool of secretaries has(42), but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers.

　　Optimism remains the right starting-point, but for workers the dislocating effects of technology may make themselves evident faster than its(43). Even if new jobs and wonderful products emerge, in the short term income gaps will widen, causing huge social dislocation and perhaps even changing politics.

　　Technology's(44)will feel like a tornado (旋风), hitting the rich world first, but(45)sweeping through poorer countries too. No government is prepared for it。

　　A) benefits

　　B) displaced

　　C) employed

　　D) eventually

　　E) impact

　　F) jobless

　　G) primarily

　　H) productive

　　I) prosperity

　　J) responsive

　　K) rhythm

　　L) sentiments

　　M) shrunk

　　N) swept

　　O) withdrawn

　　Section B

　　Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.

　　Why the Mona Lisa Stands Out

　　A. Have you ever fallen for a novel and been amazed not to find it on lists of great books? Orwalked around a sculpture renowned as a classic, struggling to see what the fuss is about?If so, you've probably pondered the question a psychologist, James Cutting, asked himself:How does a work of art come to be considered great?

　　B. The intuitive answer is that some works of art are just great: of intrinsically superiorquality. The paintings that win prime spots in galleries, get taught in classes and reproduced inbooks are the ones that have proved their artistic value over time. If you can't see they'resuperior, that's your problem.

　　It's an intimidatingly neat explanation. But some social scientists have been asking awkwardquestions of it, raising the possibility that artistic canons (名作目录) are little more thanfossilised historical accidents.

　　C. Cutting, a professor at Cornell University, wondered if a psychological mechanism knownas the "mere-exposure effect" played a role in deciding which paintings rise to the top of thecultural league. Cutting designed an experiment to test his hunch (直觉). Over a lecture coursehe regularly showed undergraduates works of impressionism for two seconds at a time. Someof the paintings were canonical, included in art-history books. Others were lesser known but ofcomparable quality. These were exposed four times as often. Afterwards, the studentspreferred them to the canonical works, while a control group of students liked the canonicalones best. Cutting's students had grown to like those paintings more simply because they hadseen them more.

　　D. Cutting believes his experiment offers a clue as to how canons are formed. He

　　reproduced works of impressionism today tend to have been bought by five or six wealthy andinfluential collectors in the late 19th century. The preferences of these men bestowed (给予)prestige on certain works, which made the works more likely to be hung in galleries andprinted in collections. The fame passed down the years, gaining momentum from mereexposure as it did so. The more people were exposed to, the more they liked it, and the morethey liked it, the more it appeared in books, on posters and in big exhibitions. Meanwhile,academics and critics created sophisticated justifications for its preeminence (卓越). After all,it's not just the masses who tend to rate what they see more often more highly. Ascontemporary artists like Warhol and Damien Hirst have grasped, critics' praise is deeplyentwined (交织) with publicity. "Scholars", Cutting argues, "are no different from the public inthe effects of mere exposure."

　　E. The process described by Cutting evokes a principle that the sociologist Duncan Watts calls"cumulative advantage": once a thing becomes popular, it will tend to become more popularstill. A few years ago,Watts, who is employed by Microsoft to study the dynamics of socialnetworks, had a similar experience to Cutting's in another Paris museum. After queuing to seethe "Mona Lisa" in its climate- controlled bulletproof box at the Louvre, he came awaypuzzled: why was it considered so superior to the three other Leonardos in the previouschamber, to which nobody seemed to be paying the slightest attention?

　　F. When Watts looked into the history of "the greatest painting of all time", he discovered that,for most of its life, the"Mona Lisa"remained in relative obscurity. In the 1850s, Leonardo daVinci was considered no match for giants of Renaissance art like Titian and Raphael, whoseworks were worth almost ten times as much as the "Mona Lisa". It was only in the 20th centurythat Leonardo's portrait of his patron's wife rocketed to the number-one spot. What propelledit there wasn't a scholarly re-evaluation, but a theft.

　　G. In 1911 a maintenance worker at the Louvre walked out of the museum with the "MonaLisa" hidden under his smock (工作服). Parisians were shocked at the theft of a painting towhich, until then, they had paid little attention. When the museum reopened, people queued tosee the gap where the "Mona Lisa" had once hung in a way they had never done for the paintingitself. From then on, the "Mona Lisa" came to represent Western culture itself.

　　H. Although many have tried, it does seem improbable that the painting's unique status canbe attributed entirely to the quality of its brushstrokes. It has been said that the subject'seyes follow the viewer around the room. But as the painting's biographer, Donald Sassoon,dryly notes, "In reality the effect can be obtained from any portrait." Duncan Watts proposesthat the "Mona Lisa" is merely an extreme example of a general rule. Paintings, poems and popsongs are buoyed (使浮起) or

　　events or preferences that turn into waves of influence, passing down the generations.

　　I. "Saying that cultural objects have value," Brian Eno once wrote, "is like saying that telephoneshave conversations." Nearly all the cultural objects we consume arrive wrapped in inheritedopinion; our preferences are always, to some extent, someone else's. Visitors to the "MonaLisa" know they are about to visit the greatest work of art ever and come away appropriatelyimpressed--or let down. An audience at a performance of "Hamlet" know it is regarded as awork of genius, so that is what they mostly see. Watts even calls the preeminence ofShakespeare a "historical accident".

　　J. Although the rigid high-low distinction fell apart in the 1960s, we still use culture as abadge of identity. Today's fashion for eclecticism (折中主义) "I love Bach, Abba and Jay Z" is,Shamus Khan, a Columbia University psychologist, argues, a new way for the middle class todistinguish themselves from what they perceive to be the narrow tastes of those beneaththem in the social hierarchy.

　　K. The intrinsic quality of a work of art is starting to seem like its least important attribute.But perhaps it's more significant than our social scientists allow. First of all, a work needs acertain quality to be eligible to be swept to the top of the pile. The "Mona Lisa" may not be aworthy world champion, but it was in the Louvre in the first place, and not by accident.Secondly, some stuff is simply better than other stuff. Read "Hamlet" after reading even thegreatest of Shakespeare's contemporaries, and the difference may strike you as unarguable.

　　L. A study in the British Journal of Aesthetics suggests that the exposure effect doesn't workthe same way on everything, and points to a different conclusion about how canons areformed. The social scientists are right to say that we should be a little sceptical of greatness,and that we should always look in the next room. Great art and mediocrity (平庸) can getconfused, even by experts. But that's why we need to see, and read, as much as we can. Themore we're exposed to the good and the bad, the better we are at telling the difference. Theeclecticists have it.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

　　46. According to Duncan Watts, the superiority of the "Mona Lisa" to Leonardo's other worksresulted from the cumulative advantage.

　　47. Some social scientists have raised doubts about the intrinsic value of certain works of art.

　　48. It is often random events or preferences that determine the fate of a piece of art.

　　49. In his experiment, Cutting found that his subjects liked lesser known works because ofmore exposure.

　　50. The author thinks the greatness of an art work still lies in its intrinsic value.

　　51. It is true of critics as well as ordinary people that the popularity of artistic works is closelyassociated with publicity.

　　52. We need to expose ourselves to more art and literature in order to tell the superior fromthe inferior.

　　53. A study of the history of the greatest paintings suggests even a great work of art couldexperience years of neglect.

　　54. Culture is still used as a mark to distinguish one social class from another.

　　55. Opinions about and preferences for cultural objects are often inheritable.

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

　　When the right person is holding the right job at the right moment, that person's influence is greatly expanded. That is the position in which Janet Yellen, who is expected to be confirmed as the next chair of the Federal Reserve Bank (FeD. in January, now finds herself. If you believe, as many do, that unemployment is the major economic and social concern of our day, then it is no stretch to think Yellen is the most powerful person in the world right now.

　　Throughout the 2008 financial crisis and the recession and recovery that followed, central banks have taken on the role of stimulators of last resort, holding up the global economy with vast amounts of money in the form of asset buying. Yellen, previously a Fed vice chair, was one of the principal architects of the Fed's $ 3.8 trillion money dump. A star economist known for her groundbreaking work on labor markets, Yellen was a kind of prophetess early on in thc crisis for her warnings about the subprime (次级债) meltdown. Now it will be her job to get the Fed and the markets out of the biggest and most unconventional monetary program in history without derailing the fragile recovery.The good news is that Yellen,67, is particularly well suited to meet these challenges. She has a keen understanding of financial markets, an appreciation for their imperfections and a strong belief that human suffering was more related to unemployment than anything else.

　　Some experts worry that Yellen will be inclined to chase unemployment to the neglect of inflation.

　　But with wages still relatively flat and the economy increasingly divided between the well-off and the long-term unemployed, more people worry about the opposite, deflation (通货紧缩) that would aggravate the economy's problems.

　　Either way, the incoming Fed chief will have to walk a fine line in slowly ending the stimulus. It must be steady enough to deflate bubbles (去泡沫) and bring markets back down to earth but not so quick thatit creates another credit crisis.

　　Unlike many past Fed leaders, Yellen is not one to buy into the finance industry's argument that itshould be left alone to regulate itself. She knows all along the Fed has been too slack on regulation of finance. Yellen is likely to address the issue right after she pushes unemployment below 6%, stabilizes markets and makes sure that the recovery is more inclusive and robust. As Princeton Professor Alan Blinder says, "She's smart as a whip, deeply logical, willing to argue but also a good listener. She can persuade without creating hostility." All those traits will be useful as the global economy's new power player takes on its most annoying problems.

　　56. What do many people think is the biggest problem facing Janet Yellen?

　　A. Lack of money.

　　B. Subprime crisis.

　　C. Unemployment.

　　D. Social instability.

　　57. What did Yellen help the Fed do to tackle the 2008 financial crisis?

　　A. Take effective measures to curb inflation.

　　B. Deflate the bubbles in the American economy.

　　C. Formulate policies to help financial institutions.

　　D. Pour money into the market through asset buying.

　　58. What is a greater concern of the general public?

　　A. Recession.

　　B. Deflation.

　　C. Inequality.

　　D. Income.

　　59. What is Yellen likely to do in her position as the Fed chief?

　　A. Develop a new monetary program.

　　B. Restore public confidence.

　　C. Tighten financial regulation.

　　D. Reform the credit system.

　　60. How does Alan Blinder portray Yellen?

　　A. She possesses strong persuasive power.

　　B. She has confidence in what she is doing.

　　C. She is one of the world's greatest economists.

　　D. She is the most powerful Fed chief in history.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

　　Air pollution is deteriorating in many places around the world. The fact that public parks in cities become crowded as soon as the sun shines proves that people long to breathe in green, open spaces. They do not all know what they are seeking but they flock there, nevertheless. And, in these surroundings, they are generally both peaceful and peaceable. It is rare to see people fighting in a garden. Perhaps struggle unfolds first, not at an economic or social level, but over the appropriation of air, essential to life itself.

　　If human beings can breathe and share air, they don't need to struggle with one another.

　　Unfortunately, in our western tradition, neither materialist nor idealist theoreticians give enough consideration to this basic condition for life. As for politicians, despite proposing curbs on environmental pollution, they have not yet called for it to be made a crime. Wealthy countries are even allowed to pollute if they pay for it.

　　But is our life worth anything other than money? The plant world shows us in silence what faithfulness to life consists of. It also helps us to a new beginning, urging us to care for our breath, not only at a vital but also at a spiritual level. The interdependence to which we must pay the closest attention is that whicl exists between ourselves and the plant world. Often described as "the lungs of the planet", the woods tha cover the earth offer us the gift of breathable air by releasing oxygen. But their capacity to renew the ai polluted by industry has long reached its limit. If we lack the air necessary for a healthy life, it is because we have filled it with chemicals and undercut the ability of plants to regenerate it. As we know, rapi deforestation combined with the massive burning of fossil fuels is an explosive recipe for an irreversibl disaster.

　　The fight over the appropriation of resources will lead the entire planet to hell unless humans learn t share life, both with each other and with plants. This task is simultaneously ethical and political because can be discharged only when each takes it upon herself or himself and only when it is accomplishe together with others. The lesson taught by plants is that sharing life expands and enhances the sphere c the living, while dividing life into so-called natural or human resources diminishes it. We must come t view the air, the plants and ourselves as the contributors to the preservation of life and growth, rathe than a web of quantifiable objects or productive potentialities at our disposal. Perhaps then we woulfinally begin to live, rather than being concerned with bare survival.

　　61. What does the author assume might be the primary reason that people would struggle with each other

　　A. To get their share of clean air.

　　B. To pursue a comfortable life.

　　C. To gain a higher social status.

　　D. To seek economic benefits.

　　62. What does the author accuse western politicians of?

　　A. Depriving common people of the right to clean air.

　　B. Giving priority to theory rather than practical action.

　　C. Offering preferential treatment to wealthy countries.

　　D. Failing to pass laws to curb environmental pollution.

　　63. What does the author try to draw our closest attention to?

　　A. The massive burning of fossil fuels.

　　B. Our relationship to the plant world.

　　C. The capacity of plants to renew polluted air.

　　D. Large-scale deforestation across the world.

　　64. How can human beings accomplish the goal of protecting the planet according to the author?

　　A. By showing respect for plants.

　　B. By preserving all forms of life.

　　C. By tapping all natural resources.

　　D. By pooling their efforts together.

　　65. What does the author suggest we do in order not just to survive?

　　A. Expand the sphere of living.

　　B. Develop nature's potentials.

　　C. Share life with nature.

　　D. Allocate the resources.

责任编辑：lzx